Periodontitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

by: drg. Indryani Tanuwidjaja, Sp.Perio

What is Periodontitis?

Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that causes damage to the tissue and bone supporting the teeth. This disease develops gradually, starting with the buildup of plaque, a sticky layer containing food debris and bacteria. If not cleaned, plaque hardens into tartar and triggers inflammation. In advanced stages, periodontitis causes receding gums, tooth sensitivity, and even tooth loss.

Causes of Periodontitis

The primary cause of periodontitis is the buildup of plaque and tartar. Bacteria in tartar produce toxins that trigger gum inflammation. Inflamed gums can form gaps (periodontal pockets), allowing bacteria to penetrate deeper and damage the supporting tissue.

Some risk factors for periodontitis:

• Poor toothbrushing habits
• Not visiting the dentist regularly
• Smoking
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Dry mouth
• Genetic factors
   

Periodontitis Symptoms to Watch Out For

Periodontitis often develops without any serious symptoms at first. However, there are several signs that could raise alarm bells:

1. Pain when chewing
2. Plaque and tartar buildup
3. Teeth appear spaced apart
4. Gums recede, making teeth appear longer
5. Gums become purplish red, swollen, and bleed easily
6. Pus discharge from the gums
7. Loose or missing teeth
8. Teeth become more sensitive
9. Bad breath

If you experience some of the above symptoms, get checked immediately to prevent further damage.

The Dangers of Untreated Periodontitis

Untreated periodontitis can cause:

• Receding gums
• Damage to the supporting tissue of the teeth
• Jawbone loss
• Loose teeth that can lead to tooth loss
• Gum abscesses (pus pockets)
• Increased risk of systemic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes

Early treatment can save tooth structure and prevent permanent damage.

How to Treat Periodontitis

Periodontitis treatment must be performed by a dentist, preferably a periodontist (Sp. Perio). Several treatment steps are:

1. Scaling and Root Planing: Removes plaque and tartar down to the gum line.
2. Periodontal Treatment: Eliminates bacteria in the periodontal gap.
3. Administering antibiotics if necessary.
4. Flap surgery or bone grafting in severe cases: Performed to repair damaged tissue and bone.

Treatment should be tailored to the severity of the periodontitis.

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should consult a doctor immediately if you experience:

• frequent bleeding gums,
• teeth feel loose,
• bad breath that persists,
• pus-discharging gums,
• or loose teeth.

The sooner treatment is given, the greater the chance of preventing tooth loss.

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